Ratings. Read Common Sense Media's Guests drink at a party. Well, it moves painfully slowly. We won't share this comment without your permission. The gritty-but-moving biopic takes an unflinching look at the life and death of rapper Notorious B.I.G. Alfred Hitchcock is known as the Master of Suspense, however in many ways he is a master of romance as well. Notorious is in the world of film noir but not of it; it's a tough and dark film that's also one of the finest women's pictures ever made. T.R. ; Ratings Process Find out how we assign age and content ratings. Do not operate heavy machinery while watching it. and the world of hip-hop/rap. Dave Kehr Chicago Reader. Notorious (1946) is a classic Hitchcockian post-war psychological suspense/thriller. The government essentially asks Alicia to prostitute herself, and the film features dated gender roles. Government agent T.R. Did you see ''Notorious''? The master of suspense created a compelling spy mission interwoven with a romantic love story. Get full reviews, ratings, and advice delivered weekly to your inbox. ; Where to Find Ratings Whether online or in-store, here is where you can find our ratings. We display the minimum age for which content is developmentally appropriate. 47 Reviews 25,000+ Ratings What to know. The master of suspense does deliver on that count. Common Sense and other associated names and logos are trademarks of Common Sense Media, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (FEIN: 41-2024986). critics consensus. Searching for streaming and purchasing options ... Common Sense is a nonprofit organization. Some smoking and plenty of drinking (champagne and everything else). Fast, free delivery. Here is an original-release half-sheet movie poster for Notorious (1946), starring Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman, and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. My page for Notorious is a little different. Reviews. Hitchcock directed it, critics acclaimed it, and Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman are only the tip of the talented cast. The film also includes the still-unsolved murders of Biggie and Tupac. All rights reserved. ... but they are minimal and understanding given the age of the source material. I can handle the truth. Director: Alfred Hitchcock. MPAA Rating: Not Rated. Columns. As a technical note, references and citations are listed for each show on the site at classicmovierev.com.Today on the Classic Movie Reviews Podcast, we are taking on Notorious (1946). What length she must go to get herself close to them? Families can talk about what appeals to teens about Biggie. The DTS-HD Master Audio mono track supplies surprisingly clear and clean sound that belies its advanced age. Suggest an update to this review. A thriller of rare perfection, Notorious represents a pinnacle of both its director’s legendary career and classic Hollywood cinema. The basis of the film came from the 1921 Saturday Evening Post two-part short story "The Song of the Dragon" by John Taintor Foote. Notorious (1946) It must be said that, in navigating these turbulent waters, Hitchcock has at his disposal some of the most immaculate lead performances that have ever graced a film. But Notorious certainly looks Hitchcockian, and by the time it ends, you realize that it is very much a Hitchcock film in style, if not so much in content. Notorious (1946) It must be said that, in navigating these turbulent waters, Hitchcock has at his disposal some of the most immaculate lead performances that have ever graced a film. Alicia and her government contact T.R. 100. Notorious is a phenomenally rich experience whether it is on the first or the hundredth viewing. Beginner's Hitchcock. Find low everyday prices and buy online for delivery or in-store pick-up. Notorious Review. i loved this movie it showed biggies life but what got me angry is that they should have told the real story most of the movie is real but the part where biggi... this movie wasnt too bad its a birgrophy about the legandary rapper from East cost Brooklyn.I must say its important to enjoy the movie rather then to fight ove... Gripping documentary, see it with your teens. Common Sense is the nation's leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of all kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in the 21st century. All of these events and more unfold onscreen -- accompanied by strong profanity, drinking, nudity, violence, and drug use -- making for a movie that's not only too intense for early teens and younger but one that demands discussion with older teens. Select options to filter reviews by age and sex. See our. Frank Cottrell Boyce. As the film begins, a Nazi named John Huberman is sent to prison. We are not responsible for their content. Rating… Later, he ends up doing time for his crimes, but music is a bigger lure, and Biggie knows it's his path to salvation and survival. What is her "reward" anyway? Your privacy is important to us. On surface level, Notorious doesn't feel too much like a standard Hitchcock film; the music score is understated, the suspense is so subtle that it only rises once in a while, and characters take almost too much precedence over story. This review is a request from Nickname729364 asking for some Alfred Hitchcock. Notorious is in the world of film noir but not of it; it's a tough and dark film that's also one of the finest women's pictures ever made. Our ratings are based on child development best practices. Get unlimited DVD Movies & TV Shows delivered to your door with no late fees, ever. Men cheat on their significant others and sometimes disrespect them. The same woman performs scantily clad onscreen and grabs her crotch. Why might filmmakers add or alter the truth in movies based on true stories? When she's discovered as a spy, Sebastian's mother urges her son to kill his new wife. Notorious (1946) is a classic Hitchcockian post-war psychological suspense/thriller. A man roughs up the women he loves during arguments; rivals beat each other up or worse. Hitchcock made the film in 1946, when the war was over but the Cold War was just beginning. Read full review It has sex, drug dealing, gunslinging and swearing. Excellent, but may be too long and moody for kids. Fascinating biopic, best for mature teens and up. age 11+ Based on 1 review. Notorious. Must-see Hitchcock thriller for any classic movie bug. Common Sense Media's unbiased ratings are created by expert reviewers and aren't influenced by the product's creators or by any of our funders, affiliates, or partners. In order to help bring Nazis to justice, U.S. government agent T.R. 2. A visual masterpiece, it plays like a seamlessly assembled jigsaw puzzle, in which each piece fits together with clean precision. One of the more remarkable things about Notorious is that it hasn't seemed to age; if anything, it grows more timely. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Raised on the hard-scrabble streets of Bedford-Stuyvesant, the groundbreaking musician carried guns, dealt drugs, went to prison, fell in love, cheated on his wife (and his girlfriend) ... and was gunned down at the age of 24. Conversations are also subtly … A woman is asked to spy on a group of Nazi friends in South America. Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman in Notorious (1946) – source: RKO Radio Pictures. 6 min read. Thank you for your support. Producer David O. Selznick brought him to America in 1939, but Selznick sold the rights for ‘Notorious’ to RKO, where Hitchcock was happy to be his own producer. Do they feel the film glamorizes him? With this twisted love story, Alfred Hitchcock summoned darker shades of suspense and passion by casting two of Hollywood’s most beloved stars starkly against type. Devlin recruits Alicia Huberman, the American daughter of a convicted German war criminal, as a spy. Common Sense Media's unbiased ratings are created by expert reviewers and aren't influenced by the product's creators or by any of our funders, affiliates, or partners. Alicia drives while drunk without real consequences. If you chose to provide an email address, it will only be used to contact you about your comment. With this twisted love story, Alfred Hitchcock summoned darker shades of suspense and passion by casting two of Hollywood’s most beloved stars starkly against type. Notorious (1946) - Criterion Collection. Hitchcock’s most emotionally nuanced and most adult depiction of relationships feels as vital as ever. Your purchase helps us remain independent and ad-free. Parents need to know that this movie about a real life rapper whose life was full of drugs, sex, and ultimately lethal violence. Normally, when I watch a film for the sake of a review, I keep my trusty notepad nearby, and jot down little bits of info and timecodes to return to for more in-depth study. Guns are shown, shots are fired, and two men wind up dead. Full Review Walter Chaw Film Freak Central Their on-screen romance is quite sudden and short-lived. Watch or buy. We won't share this comment without your permission. The basis of the film came from the 1921 Saturday Evening Post two-part short story "The Song of the Dragon" by John Taintor Foote. Ratings Guide In-depth information on the ESRB rating system. A visual masterpiece, it plays like a seamlessly assembled jigsaw puzzle, in which each piece fits together with clean precision. By the end of the film, it doesn't look so good for Alicia and, though sedated, you might be biting your nails in anticipation of a potentially unfortunate finale. In 1946, Hitchcock directed one of his most complicated love stories with Notorious: which focuses around the strange push/pull love affair between Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman) and T.R. Notorious review by Johng. Notorious (1946) is widely known as one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most lucid and pure works, emblematic of the auteur’s take on suspense and love, and his simplified, stylised cinematic storytelling. NOTORIOUS (MGM, 1946) D: Alfred Hitchcock, w/. Review Date January 9th, 2019 by David Krauss. Kids say . Visit the page to bypass this warning and read the review. 1946, Mystery and thriller, 1h 43m. Moreover, gender roles are antiquated in that Alicia's only value is as a sexual being and her interest in a man motivates her decisions. What makes the women in this movie unequal to the men? It has sex, drug dealing, gunslinging and swearing. Shop Notorious [DVD] [1946] at Best Buy. Talk Film Society Awards. (Jamal Woolard) -- was a Brooklyn boy with a talent for rhythm and rhyme, scribbling poetic lyrics furiously on the steps of his building. Credit is due to the casting director who wisely picked Woolard, a rapper-actor who steps into Biggie's shoes and wears them more than comfortably. sort by date by value # reviews. Notorious. What to Watch, Read, and Play While Your Kids Are Stuck Indoors, Common Sense Selections for family entertainment, Check out new Common Sense Selections for games, Teachers: Find the best edtech tools for your classroom with in-depth expert reviews, Actividades sobre el Mes de la Historia Afroamericana, Which Side of History? Notorious (1946) on IMDb: Movies, TV, Celebs, and more... Oscars Best Picture Winners Best Picture Winners Golden Globes Emmys STARmeter Awards San Diego Comic-Con New York Comic-Con Sundance Film Festival Toronto Int'l Film Festival Awards Central Festival Central All Events NOTORIOUS Notorious (1946) Critic Reviews. From the all-time technical marvel of its tracking shot from the ceiling all the way to the cellar key clutched perilously in her hand, to her fraught interior conflict of loyalties, it’s this female focus and, more importantly, respect, that Hitchcock’s future romantic endeavors are sorely missing. ; Frequently Asked Questions; Tools for Parents. How do your teens feel about Biggie's lyrics? Its snail's pace might be a filmic reflection of Alicia's drawn out suffering. User reviews. Home Research Outputs Notorious (1946) (dvd review) Notorious (1946) (dvd review) Research output : Contribution to journal › Review (Book/Film/Exhibition/etc.) Hitchcock takes a pulpy spy thriller situation and turns it into a meditation on truth, deception and romantic love. Common Sense Media, a nonprofit organization, earns a small affiliate fee from Amazon or iTunes when you use our links to make a purchase. Release Date(s): August 15, 1946. We display the minimum age for which content is developmentally appropriate. 100. It's implied that Alicia is a "tainted" woman, but even when she's married, the beds are separate. ‘Notorious’ (1946) was the ninth of thirty films directed by Alfred Hitchcock during his American period. These include her loyalty to her father versus her country, drinking and driving, and using her sexuality to be a spy. This movie reviews and ratings at TributeMovies.com is out of 5 Stars. Still, inevitable tension results when Ms. Huberman becomes Mrs. Sebastian. Long before he found fame as a rapper, Christopher Wallace -- aka Biggie Smalls/Notorious B.I.G. Other characters frequently comment on her immoral character. Boy, I sure know how to party! Feb 2, 2012. Do your teens think the movie is an accurate portrayal? Even if it can easily claim this -- and more -- in artistic merits, the film will make you downright drowsy. We're updating our reviews to better highlight authentic stories and accurate, diverse representations. Here are a few photos taken behind-the-scenes during production of RKO's Notorious (1946), starring Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant, and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Movies In Theaters; Movie Actors and Actresses; Mobile; 1-12 13-17 18-25 26-35 36-49 50+ Men Women. Movies; Reviews; Publishers; Critics; Actors; Directors; Search. Nonetheless, Notorious rightly lets Biggie's music take center stage. But his talent and commitment to his music see him through, despite complicated entanglements. The film follows U.S. government agent T.R. And with so much time spent on his troubles, the reconciliations and triumphs -- his impact on the music scene, for instance -- feel rushed. The Tone of the movie overall was monotonous, along with the tasteless… Cinafilm has over seven million movie reviews and counting … About Us; Contact Us; Sitemap; Follow us on Cinafilm - Twitter Cinafilm - Pinterest; Sitemap. Photograph: SNAP / Rex Features. Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman in Hitchcock's 1946 thriller Notorious. We're updating our reviews to better highlight authentic stories and accurate, diverse representations. Share. Every time it comes on, we're reminded of Biggie's notoriety, charm, and genius. Dealers -- some of whom are children -- are shown mixing and trafficking drugs (mostly crack); some characters (including a pregnant woman) are depicted buying/using it. By Andrew Dowler. So what makes NOTORIOUS less appealing than other films with the same parameters? See our. Username or Email ... Search: Notorious. See something that needs to be addressed? Parents need to know that this movie might bore kids. Notorious is a 1946 American spy film noir directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, and Claude Rains as three people whose lives become intimately entangled during an espionage operation.. Read reviews for the movie Notorious (1946). And what messages do they take away from both his music and his life? Devlin (Cary Grant) fall in love, but dutiful Alicia marries Sebastian in order to get access to top secret information. [26 Oct 1980, p.17] [26 Oct 1980, p.17] Normally, when I watch a film for the sake of a review, I keep my trusty notepad nearby, and jot down little bits of info and timecodes to return to for more in-depth study. Notorious … Get full reviews, ratings, and advice delivered weekly to your inbox. Thank you for your support. Metascore (16 reviews) Provided by Metacritic.com 100. Devlin and Alicia's romance is predictable given what we expect from attractive leads, but you might wonder if you missed something. One of Alfred Hitchcock's greatest films, Notorious features the director at his devilishly elegant, self-assured best. Our ratings are based on child development best practices. Common Sense is the nation's leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of all kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in the 21st century. This review pertains to The Criterion Collection's Blu-ray edition of Notorious released on January 15, 2019. Read Common Sense Media's Notorious review, age rating, and parents guide. Its synopsis is straightforward: a spy pushes the woman he loves into sleeping with the enemy to retrieve secrets. Plot: Set in the time of the Second World War, a German girl, loyal to America has been asked to spy on her Nazi friends by American intelligence in Rio. The film portrays Notorious B.I.G. 1946 Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. © Common Sense Media. Mar 23, 2015 - A review and retrospective of the 1946 spy movie Notorious, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and staring Cary Grant. But there are plenty of detours and obstacles ahead of him. August 15th, 1946 (Limited) International Releases: August 9th, 2019 (Wide), released as Notorious (4K Restoration) (United Kingdom) Video Release: January 15th, 2019 by Criterion: MPAA Rating: Not Rated: Running Time: 101 minutes: Comparisons: vs. Torn Curtain Create your … One of Alfred Hitchcock's greatest films, Notorious features the director at his devilishly elegant, self-assured best. With Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Louis Calhern. [26 Oct 1980, p.17] 100 Frequent, colorful swearing -- from "bitch" to "s--t" and "f--k.". Notorious (1946) – source: RKO Radio Pictures Notorious is all about Bergman. The clues of the film are naturally explained, without deliberately creating suspense, focusing on the expression of… Cinafilm has over seven million movie reviews and counting … About Us; Contact Us; Sitemap; Follow us on Cinafilm - Twitter Cinafilm - Pinterest; Sitemap. When does her sacrifice become greater than her reward? It's implied that Alicia has an affair with Devlin and her future husband Sebastian. Suspenseful but slow-moving Hitchcock thriller. Mar 9 Beginner's Guide to Alfred Hitchcock: Notorious (1946) Manish Mathur. © Common Sense Media. Letterboxd — Your life in film. All rights reserved. ... 1946; 102 minutes; Save. How Technology Is Reshaping Democracy and Our Lives, National Reading Month: Get free read-alouds, stories, poems, and more on Wide Open School, Online Playdates, Game Nights, and Other Ways to Socialize at a Distance, Keeping Kids Motivated for Online Learning, The mysterious movie that is Notorious still shines today, 5 Tips to Make Family Movie Night a Success. Cast: Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Claude Raines. Gritty, affecting rapper biopic is too intense for kids. smithrowsey’s review published on Letterboxd: This review may contain spoilers. Notorious is presented in its original theatrical aspect ratio of 1.37:1. “Notorious” is rated R (Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian). He also fashions one of the sexiest love scenes to come out of Hollywood's Golden Age, an elongated kissing sequence between Alicia and Devlin photographed in close-up and peppered with whispered dialogue and tender caresses. Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman) finds herself in a touch situation when her father is discovered to be a spy. Notorious 1946 ★★★★★ 02 Mar, 2021 This review may contain spoilers. Find trailers, reviews, synopsis, awards and cast information for Notorious (1946) - Alfred Hitchcock on AllMovie - Though Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious was produced… Criterion Review: NOTORIOUS (1946) Alfred Hitchcock weaves a twisted love affair amidst a gripping spy thriller. Notorious. Suspenseful but slow-moving Hitchcock thriller. One of the more remarkable things about Notorious is that it hasn't seemed to age; if anything, it grows more timely. Government agent T.R. Perfect performances … Notorious (1946) is widely known as one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most lucid and pure works, emblematic of the auteur’s take on suspense and love, and his simplified, stylised cinematic storytelling. USA 8film), Alfred Hitchcock, Notorious (1946) in Filmhäftet volume 30 issue 4 pages 56 - 57 publisher Filmhäftet ISSN 0345-3057 language Swedish LU publication? age 11+ Based on 2 reviews. ... A New Age (2020) Freaky (2020) Experience + Explore. Your purchase helps us remain independent and ad-free. A fair amount of name dropping and label flashing (sneakers and clothing, for example), and lots of bling. In Hitchcock’s voyeuristic Rear Window, Grace Kelly is an afterthought to Jimmy’s prying, persistent pursuit of the truth but, of course, almost as an afterthought, he still gets the girl in the closing minutes. Devlin falls for socialite Alicia Huberman when he is detailed to ascertain whether she shares her treacherous father's Nazi views. The star rating reflects overall quality. Parental Controls Learn how to manage your family’s video game and device use. A review of the Alfred Hitchcock classic Notorious (1946) on BasementRejects.com. - Poorly Executed Acting along with Poorly constructed Situations. Witty Hitchcock thriller piles on suspense and innuendo. Can they tell what the biases of the film makers are? Hello to all of the classic people that are returning. Common Sense and other associated names and logos are trademarks of Common Sense Media, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization (FEIN: 41-2024986). Review by smithrowsey. Synopsis Notorious woman of affairs... Adventurous man of the world . This movie was so great. Half-sheets measured 22 x 28 inches. Notorious is one early entry that feels like a pivotal moment for the filmmaker. Characters speak of and engage in physically abusive behavior, and there's also drug use, drinking, and family abandonment. There are lots of fascinating details (for instance, that young Christopher changed clothes on the roof of his building so that Voletta wouldn't wonder where he was getting the money to buy expensive name brands) and tons of drama (the implosion of Biggie's friendship with Tupac; the love triangle with Lil' Kim and Faith Evans). Find trailers, reviews, synopsis, awards and cast information for Notorious (1946) - Alfred Hitchcock on AllMovie - Though Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious was produced… A son defies his mother by lying to her -- apparently he's been dealing drugs; she puts him out on the streets, and he later lands in prison. Price Match Guarantee. Notorious movie reviews & Metacritic score: A woman is asked to spy on a group of Nazi friends in South America. Rate movie. Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant and Claude Rains – this is a top-three cast billing made in movie heaven. Its synopsis is straightforward: a spy pushes the woman he loves into sleeping with the enemy to retrieve secrets. 3D Rating: NA. A few months later, he would have made the villains Communists, but as he and Ben Hecht worked on the script, Nazis were still uppermost in their minds. Silence plays a big role in 'Notorious,' and the long stretches where it complements hushed dialogue or critical action are refreshingly pristine, with no hiss or surface noise disrupting the mood. Raised on the hard-scrabble streets of Bedford-Stuyvesant, the groundbreaking musician carried guns, dealt drugs, went to prison, fell in love, cheated on his wife (and his girlfriend) ... and was gunned down at the age of 24. Critical? Despite his mother Voletta's (Angela Bassett) watchful eye and protective embrace, the call of the streets proves too loud, and soon he's trading crack at the corner. Full Review Walter Chaw Film Freak Central It stars Ingrid Bergman as Alicia Huberman, an amzing female character. 1 Photo . Common Sense Media, a nonprofit organization, earns a small affiliate fee from Amazon or iTunes when you use our links to make a purchase. Notorious (1946) - Criterion Collection. Notorious is presented in its original theatrical aspect ratio of 1.37:1. How Technology Is Reshaping Democracy and Our Lives, National Reading Month: Get free read-alouds, stories, poems, and more on Wide Open School, Online Playdates, Game Nights, and Other Ways to Socialize at a Distance, Keeping Kids Motivated for Online Learning, 5 Tips to Make Family Movie Night a Success. Excellent portrayal of extraordinary musician. Notorious (1946) - We'll Have A Picnic In Miami, woozy German immigrant hostess Alicia (Ingrid Bergman) allows herself to be rescued by a handsome party crasher (Cary Grant) on the evening following her Nazi father's treason conviction, early in Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious, 1946. ‘Notorious’ (1946) was the ninth of thirty films directed by Alfred Hitchcock during his American period. One month free trial! He was helping the Nazis obtain inside information in WWII. There's a scene in which Devlin allows Alicia to drive drunk. Movie Review Notorious [1946] July 3, 2015 July 3, 2015 ~ arima1986. Because the movie is well made and exciting, kids might feel it glamorizes his way of life. TFS 100. The rest of the cast -- Derek Luke as Puffy, Anthony Mackie as Tupac -- also excels. Notorious is a shockingly spine-tingling take on World War 2. I want to welcome any new visitors. How accurate do you think the movie is? Alicia Huberman's father has recently been convicted for treason against the US. Note: Movie reviews and comments posted on this page reflect personal opinions of our users. 3D Rating: NA. Parents say . Read Common Sense Media's Notorious review, age rating, and parents guide. Your privacy is important to us. Notorious (1946) Review Date February 22nd, 2012 by David Krauss Overview - At the end of World War II, U.S. military intelligence drafts a beautiful woman with a tainted past to infiltrate a band of nefarious Germans who are in Brazil. How far will she have to go to ingratiate herself with them? The plot is unbelievable, a Romance plot, but the situations ring true. There are entries in the careers of directors that often feel like watershed moments where they find their own style, their voice, or cut loose and unleash something memorable. Why do you think they've been so popular with both listeners and critics? The master of suspense created a compelling spy mission interwoven with a romantic love story. Suspenseful but slow-moving Hitchcock thriller. How does that industry, in turn, influence people who listen to the music it produces? Notorious Review. Notorious - Movie Poster. Devlin (Cary Grant). Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant and Claude Rains – this is a top-three cast billing made in movie heaven. Other characters frequently comment on her immoral character, but nothing is sexually or even romantically explicit. The gritty-but-moving biopic takes an unflinching look at the life and death of rapper Notorious B.I.G. Still, with so much ground to cover, Notorious glosses over moments -- how Biggie put his groundbreaking rhymes together and decided what stayed and went, for one -- on which it should linger. Overview - Notorious ranks as one of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpieces, and this new edition from Criterion, featuring a brand new 4K digital restoration of the film, excellent audio, and a plethora of new and vintage supplements, instantly eclipses any previous home video release. Notorious (1946) Buy posters from this movie: by Zarathustra "One of Hitchcock's most complex and beautiful films" Notorious isn't one of Hitch's most popular movies, but it's one of his best. His Biggie is finely tuned, and he commands the mic in nearly the same way the rapper once did. Some nudity during sex scenes -- including a woman sitting naked astride a man naked, her breasts fully bared. Mar 9. Suggest an update to this review. Bergman and Grant sizzle in this espionage tale written by Ben Hecht. What to Watch, Read, and Play While Your Kids Are Stuck Indoors, Common Sense Selections for family entertainment, Check out new Common Sense Selections for games, Teachers: Find the best edtech tools for your classroom with in-depth expert reviews, Actividades sobre el Mes de la Historia Afroamericana, Which Side of History?